NEQ 5 Northridge earthquake Figure 1. broid systematics because it provides a phy-logenetic signal over an issue where mor-phologyis equivocal duetohomoplasy. In December 1993, the Journal of ... called it controversial. [22] Actress Iris Adrian died in September 1994 from complications of a broken hip she suffered in the earthquake. The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 g. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. The magnitude, duration and frequency content of these motions are analyzed and compared to predictive relationships typically used in engineering design and to the 1994 Uniform Building Code (UBC). The recording venues Capitol Records and Warner Bros. Records were shut down at the time of the quake. Subsequently, a team was sent out to film footage of the quake-damaged areas of the city. The mainshock was followed by an energetic aftershock sequence. [27] The theme parks Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections since all were designed with earthquakes in mind. JACC Vol. 1985. [15], Damage occurred up to 85 miles (137 km) away, with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities and neighborhoods of Santa Monica, Hollywood, Simi Valley and Santa Clarita. The analysis of the effect of Northridge earthquake on behavior of structures has been investigated by many researchers. Structural damage was recorded as far away as 52 miles from the heart of the shake, and earthquake activity was felt from Las Vegas, Nevada, to San Diego. Eng. [23], Sixteen people were killed as a result of the collapse of the Northridge Meadows apartment complex. In the weeks following the quake, many San Fernando Valley residents had either lost their homes entirely or experienced structural damage too severe to continue living in them without making repairs. UCLA and other local universities were also shut down. The Church on the Way, which is near the epicenter, suffered moderate damage to the church campus building. The Oviatt Library experienced both interior and exterior damage, but the overall frame of the central part of the building remained stable, allowing student use to continue. The University of Southern California suffered some structural damage to several older campus buildings, but classes were conducted as scheduled. Spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake, Bull. They suffered more damage from this earthquake than any other since the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. The Archdiocese of Los Angeles's Cathedral of St. Vibiana suffered severe damage and canceled activities until a new cathedral was built in 2002. Two of the strongest earthquakes ever to hit California strike the desert area east of Los Angeles on June 28, 1992. In addition, the campus received a $23,000 check (equivalent to $40,000 today) from the Los Angeles Times Valley Edition for the journalism department. In the three years that followed Northridge, more than 681,000 residents applied for assistance from federal and state governments — making the earthquake both a devastating natural and economic disaster. This followed on an earlier economic conference the administration had done in 1993, focusing on recovery after a series of aerospace spending cuts. Landers earthquake [Blewitt et al., 1993; Bock et al., 1993a], the largest magnitude earthquake in California in the past 40 years and the first one to be recorded by a continuous GPS array. Six new stations opened in six weeks. It presents an opportunity to examine a significant number of such buildings affected to various degrees by severe ground shaking, to document actual damage in depth, and to dispel the myths about the However, school buildings (K-12), which are required by California law to be reinforced, in general, survived fairly well. The Northridge earthquake was notable for hitting almost the same exact area as the Mw 6.6 San Fernando (Sylmar) earthquake. A dislocation model of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong ground motions, USGS Open-file Report, 94-278, 16pp. Science 1994 ; 266 : 389 – 397 . [27] The stadium was vacant at the time. Over 12,500 after shocks, ten of which were over 5.0 on the Richter scale. Similar measurements across the Los Angeles basin indicate shortening rates of 5-10 mmlyr [Feigl et al., 1993]. Los Angeles International Airport and other airports in the area were also shut down as a 2-hour precaution, including Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (now Hollywood Burbank Airport) and Van Nuys Airport, which is near the epicenter, where the control tower suffered from radar failure and panel collapse. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994 at 4:31 AM, killing more than 60, injuring more than 9,000, and causing widespread damage … The Northridge earthquake of January 17,1994 had a Richter magnitude of 6.4 and a maximum local Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)of IX. motions produced by the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Mw=6.7). [11] The death toll was 57, with more than 8,700 injured. Ironically, that interchange had collapsed 23 years earlier, during the Sylmar Earthquake of 1971. The set, which is at ABC Television Center, suffered major damage, including partial structural collapse and water damage. of the Northridge rupture, show north-south shortening of 7-10 mmlyr, that may be accommodated by the San Cayetano, Red Mountain, and Oak Ridge faults [Donnellan et al., 1993]. The Martin Luther King Jr. The Northridge earthquake was no exception, resulting in the greatest loss to California historic adobes since the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, home to the 1932 and 1984 Olympics, suffered more than $44 million in damage. Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies, most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California. The earthquake is the most costly disaster in U.S. history, in terms of dollar loss; costs continue to rise as more damage is uncovered, repairs are made, and disaster‐related claims are paid out. Damage to wood-frame apartment houses was widespread in the San Fernando Valley and Santa Monica areas, especially to structures with soft first floor or lower-level parking garages. Faults with the highest probability of rupturing in a magnitude 6.7 (Northridge-sized) earthquake in the next 30 years. Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3, 2013) 5. Study raises Northridge quake death toll to 72. The seismic event killed two CSUN students at the Northridge Meadows Complex along with 14 other residents. The pe… The National Geophysical Data Center placed the hypocenter's geographical coordinates at 34°12′47″N 118°32′13″W / 34.21306°N 118.53694°W / 34.21306; -118.53694 and at a depth of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). If injuries in the 1994 Northridge earthquake are representative of injuries in future U.S. events, then the economic … Das Northridge-Erdbeben ereignete sich am 17.Januar 1994 um 4:30 Uhr Ortszeit (12:30 UTC) in Reseda in der Nähe der Stadt Los Angeles.Das Erdbeben hatte eine hohe Magnitude von 6,7 M w und erreichte auf der Mercalliskala die Stufe IX (zerstörerisch). The acute phase of the disaster ended within 48 to 72 hours and public health then became the predominant health-care issue. But when the Northridge earthquake hit one month later, Engelhardt’s theory proved right. KROQ-FM's Kevin and Bean morning show asked those people tuned in to stay out of their homes. The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster Robert Bolin. All 58 buildings on campus sustained significant damage, resulting in a $406 million recovery effort (equivalent to $700 million today). The comparison of the seismic behavior of underground braced walls with ACI 318 design method reveals that bending moment and shear force of the walls under Northridge earthquake loads were observed to reach 2.8 and 2.7 times as large as the respective allowable limits. Many multifamily apartment buildings in Santa Monica were yellow-tagged and red-tagged. Moderate damage to the built environment was widespread; severe damage included collapsed buildings and highway overpasses. Northridge earthquake injuries after Seligson and Shoaf 2003 . The main courtroom set was in shambles. [24] The Northridge Fashion Center and California State University, Northridge also sustained very heavy damage – most notably the collapse of parking structures. For example, the original 35 mm master films for the 1960s sitcom My Living Doll were destroyed.[37]. [55], Section of collapsed low-rise apartment buildings, Lifestyle disruptions in the weeks following. The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP), a CGS program, manages more than 1,300 strong motion instruments statewide that contribute data to ShakeMap. [22] Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods, but they also had to transfer out their inpatient populations, which further increased the burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational. These data will be reviewed here with Can. [46] In addition, the newly completed student parking structure C collapsed, and had to be demolished. Production came to a halt. A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. Farther south of Downtown, the Watts Towers sustained $2 million damage that required seven years to repair. 72 individuals lost their lives. Since the the NEHRP's induction, the California Department of Conservation has installed seismic hazard mapping and zoning graphs. The cast and crew had initially thought that the scenes that were filmed before the real quake struck were a bit overdone, but upon viewing the footage after the earthquake, they were reportedly startled by the realism of it. The 17 January 1994, M 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake produced ground accelerations that exceeded 1 g, or nearly the highest levels ever recorded in an earthquake (Trifunac et aL, 1994). Unable to see in the dark that a freeway interchange just ahead had collapsed, the officer plunged 30 feet to his death. The campus was unable to use any of its classrooms because of the damage the buildings sustained. [20][21] Some counts factor in related events such as a man's suicide possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster. After the shaking earth had already demolished many parts of Southern California, a Los Angeles Police officer was unaware of disaster to come while riding his motorcycle to work from his home in Lancaster, north of the quake's epicenter. The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes. 266 * 21 OCTOBER1994 1981 to 1993 that wereaboveM1.7, which is typical of the dispersed background seis-micity in the Los Angeles region. Northridge Earthquake 20th Anniversary, January 17, 2014 Audio Description: https://www.dot.ca.gov/AD/Northridge Earthquake January 17, 1994 Text [clarification needed] Also, ABC's General Hospital, which shoots in Los Angeles, was heavily affected. The Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1993 was 6.7 on the Richter scale. Over $25 billion dollars in damage. Damage to the system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires. Damage was wide-spread: Sections of major freeways with unwrapped supports and unextended expansion joints collapsed; parking structures and office buildings with concrete framing (non-ductile) collapsed; and numerous apartment buildings suffered irreparable damage. [45] The damage caused a shutdown of the campus and delayed the start of the 1994 Spring semester. The airport was reopened in stages after the quake. While a notable aftershock never came, many residents opted to stay in shelters or live with friends and family outside the area for a short time following.[53]. [33], Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable. The United States Postal Service suspended all mail service throughout the Los Angeles area for several days. Background The earthquake that struck the Los Angeles area at 4:31 a.m. on January 17, 1994, was one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in a major city in North America. Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes: The 1994 Northridge Earthquake in the United States and the 1999 Chi‐Chi Earthquake in Taiwan . Timeline: The 1994 Northridge Earthquake A look at events of the Jan. 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake By Jason Kandel • Published January 16, 2014 • Updated on January 17, 2018 at 7:52 am The long-term (1978 to 1993) background seismicity in the [36], Some archives of film and entertainment programming were also affected. The daily commute for many drivers in the weeks following was significantly lengthened, notably for those traveling between Santa Clarita and Los Angeles, and commuters on I-10 traveling to and from the Westside. [17] The Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA had three home games postponed or moved to other venues. Northridge’s main 6.7 moment magnitude quake broke up many structural foundations, and permanently raised the ground 20 inches in various parts of the San Fernando Valley. Although several commercial buildings also collapsed, loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake, and because it also occurred on a federal holiday (Martin Luther King Jr. Day). Although those devices are important in compiling information for building structurally sound architecture, scientists are still not able to predict an earthquake. Some 600 accelerographs, similar to the "black box" recording devices on airplanes, also have been added to further help determine what kind of force buildings, bridges and other structures sustain in a quake. California State University-Northridge was grievously damaged. Dormitory staircases at Cal State Northridge, damaged by the 1994 earthquake. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects", "Northridge 1994: 6.7 – 1km NNW of Reseda, CA", https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70208422, "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994", "The Large Aftershocks of the Northridge Earthquake and their Relationship to Mainshock Slip and Fault Zone Complexity", "1994 Quake Still Fresh in Los Angeles Minds", "Show Event – NGDC Natural Hazard Images", "USGS Northridge Earthquake 10th Anniversary", "Southern California Earthquake Data Center". More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization. Angel Stadium of Anaheim (then known as Anaheim Stadium) suffered some damage when the scoreboard fell into the seats. The January 17, 1994 Northridge main‐shock was analyzed using an empirical Green's function approach to estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of fault slip. 185 mobile homes burned from gas fires. The first and second episodes of the fifth season of Baywatch featured the earthquake, and how the lifeguards responded to it, professionally and personally. [32] Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of the landslides. The Northridge earthquake was used as a plot device in the 2004 film, A song about the earthquake was featured in the, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 18:05. Some people even made temporary relocations closer to their jobs while their homes or neighborhoods were being rebuilt. The real quake struck only weeks before filming was completed. California engineers had classified and codified building irregularities as early as 1980s. Northridge earthquake of 1994, earthquake that struck the densely populated San Fernando Valley in southern California, U.S., on Jan. 17, 1994. [25] LAPD motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean died because of the collapse of the Newhall Pass interchange, falling 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5. The Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994, killed 57 people and injured an estimated 10,000 persons. The Northridge earthquake of 1994 served to prove the value of the Bermuda market at a time when it was facing negative attitudes from the Lloyd’s market. The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible. Eight aftershocks of M ≥ 5.0 and 48 aftershocks of 4 ≤ M ≤ 5 occurred between January 17 and September 30, 1994. earthquake to date. Especially hard hit was the area between Santa Monica Canyon and Saint John's Hospital, a linear corridor that suffered a significant amount of property damage. Amtrak ceased service in the Pasadena Subdivision following structural damage to a rail bridge in Arcadia and redirected all rail traffic through Riverside and Fullerton. BELOW: A ShakeMap of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. That is the view of Don Kramer, chairman and CEO of ILS Capital Management, who says that the London market had looked at the nascent Bermuda catastrophe market and regarded it as being one big loss away from disappearing. An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) in Ventura County. "Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake", https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-iris-adrian-1440804.html, "25 Years Later: The Desperate Search for Survivors at Northridge Meadows Apartments", "Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology", "Interchange Named for Officer Who Died in Quake", "Earthquake: Disaster Before Dawn: Scoreboard Crashes Onto Seats in Anaheim Stadium: Collapse: The 17.5-ton Sony 'Jumbotron' also destroyed a section of roof as it broke loose and fell to the left-field upper deck", "Comments for the Significant Earthquake", "Dangerous L.A. apartment buildings most at risk in an earthquake are quickly being fixed", "Earthquake: The Long Road Back: Hospitals Strained to the Limit by Injured: Medical care: Doctors treat quake victims in parking lots. In all, eight Southern California freeways were damaged, including the Highway 14 and Interstate 5 interchange. . The building containing the set was later "red tagged" as unsafe due to the damage it sustained. Strong ground motion was felt as far away as Las Vegas, Nevada, about 220 miles (350 km) from the epicenter. The high accelerations, both vertical and horizontal, lifted structures off their foundations and shifted walls — laterally triggering major fires. [citation needed] The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and now-gone Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena suffered minor damage. [citation needed] Mark & Brian's morning show on KLOS was also affected. The Northridge earthquake produced the strongest ground motions ever instrumentally recorded in a North American urban setting. 1175 November 1, 1997:1174–80 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON CARDIAC DEATH For example, the behavior of underground walls has been evaluated for the Northridge earthquake using numerical methods. At a magnitude of 6.7, the 1994 Northridge earthquake wasn’t unusual in terms of its size. From January 24 through March 15, 1994, 170 persons with laboratory evidence of acute coccidioidomycosis * were identified in Ventura County, California. Although given the name "Northridge", where the quake was believed to have been centered and substantial damage occurred, the actual epicenter was pinpointed in the neighboring community of Reseda within several days. 114,039 buildings damaged. 1992 Mojave (Garlock) Earthquake (SCEDC) 1993 Wheeler Ridge Earthquake (SCEDC) 1994 Northridge Earthquake (SCEDC) 1994 Northridge Earthquake (USGS) 1995 Ridgecrest Earthquakes (SCEDC) 1996 Coso Earthquake (SCEDC) 1997 Calico Earthquake (SCEDC) 1998 Coso Earthquakes (SCEDC) 1998 Crafton Hills (Redlands) Earthquake (SCEDC) A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake. Because of these revelations, building codes were revised. The 1994 Northridge earthquake killed more than 50 people and created widespread devastation in Los Angeles. An estimated $350 million (equivalent to $600 million today) was used to supply the number of trailers and domes which housed classes and administration offices. “The Economic Impact of Electricity Lifeline Disruptions Stemming from the Northridge Earthquake,” Final Report to the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Mineral Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Google Scholar. The most notable was to the Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10, known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Figure 1. The 203 cases reported, of which three resulted in fatalities, constituted roughly 10 times the normal rate in the initial eight weeks. Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009.[34]. In 1993, the year before the Northridge quake, shocks in that range numbered 141 worldwide. Although casualties resulting from the Northridge quake were relatively minimal because it was early morning and on the Martin Luther King holiday, will such coincidences save lives next time? Following the Northridge earthquake, the USGS has utilized the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) funding to pursue post-earthquake investigations designed to understand the damaging effects of the earthquake. Radio stations such as KFI, KFWB and KNX were on the air during the main tremor, which caused their signals to get very noisy. January 17, 1994 - California Northridge Earthquake (DR-1008) January 17, 1994 ... California Northridge Earthquake (DR-1008) January 10, 1994 - California Northridge Earthquake (DR-1008) September 1, 1993 - Pickup truck being taken off an cargo airplane. As in many previous earthquakes, geotechnical factors contributed significantly to the nature and severity of ground shaking. In particular, buildings with an unstable first floor (such as those with parking areas on the bottom) performed poorly. Rail service was briefly interrupted, with full Amtrak and expanded Metrolink service resuming in stages in the days after the quake. Werner, S. B. Wald, D. J., and T. H. Heaton (1994b). The Northridge earthquake had no immediate foreshocks. Global Positioning System measurements across the Ventura basin, 30 km northwest . FM radio stations such as KRTH, KIIS, KOST and KCBS radio were bringing special reports when morning show hosts Robert W. Morgan, Rick Dees and Charlie Tuna were calling Los Angeles residents and others from their sister stations to bring their belongings to the stations and advising people not to drink water. NBC's The Tonight Show, hosted by Jay Leno, took place in the NBC Studios in Burbank, close to the epicenter of the quake. The earthquake struck in the San Fernando Valley about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. Emerging Infectious Diseases Coccidioidomycosis Following the Northridge Earthquake -- California, 1994 . Sheffi, Y. [18] The "official" death toll was placed at 57;[17] 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained,[19] and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced cardiac events. 30, No. Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area building codes dictate that buildings incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes. The first study, conducted in 1994, focuses on the ways in which the 1993 Midwest floods affected the operations of businesses in Des Moines/Polk County Iowa; the second project, which was recently completed, uses a similar methodological approach to assess the impacts of the 1994 Northridge earthquake on businesses in Los Angeles and Santa Monica, CA. Researchers at the Southern California Earthquake Center have determined that there is an 80 to 90 percent chance that a temblor of 7.0 or greater magnitude will strike Southern California before 2024. However, this earthquake also provided a rare opportunity for understanding and assessing the damage that can occur as a result of … ... Broadband analysis of the 21 September, 1993 Klamath Falls Earthquake Sequence, Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/95GL00566, 22, 8, (997-1000), (2012). Ground deformations at this level of accelerations are expected to be highly nonlinear (Hardin Enrollment dropped by approximately 1,000 students, leaving some homeless as dormitories were closed due to damage which rendered them unsafe and which required repair.[49]. Thousands of aftershocks devastated already weathered buildings, trapping many people below the rubble of parking structures and freeway overpasses. The rebuilt interchange was renamed in his honor a year later.[26]. However, the damage revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as intended. While many businesses remained closed in the days following the quake, some infrastructure was not able to be rebuilt for months, even years later. The Animaniacs segment "A Quake! 700,000 claims filed with F.E.M.A. Portions of a number of major roads and freeways, including Interstate 10 over La Cienega Boulevard, and the interchanges of Interstate 5 with California State Route 14, 118, and Interstate 210, were closed because of structural failure or collapse. (Courtesy CSUN University Archives) CSUN's Science 4 building (now … Structural damage was reported to more than 12,000 homes, businesses, schools and hospitals, leaving many people homeless for extended periods. Geological Survey and Southern California Earthquake Center: The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994. In addition, property damage was estimated to be $13–50 billion (equivalent to $22–86 billion in 2014),[12] making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history. The Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994 resulted in tragic losses to a number of California's earliest existing structures: its historic adobe buildings. [38][39] James E. Roberts was chief bridge engineer with Caltrans and was placed in charge of the seismic retrofit program for Caltrans until his death in 2006. The question has been addressed by scientists of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). [50] CSUN also received assistance from government agencies FEMA and OES to support the recovery effort and serve the needs of the local community. Asked those people tuned in to stay out of their homes which three resulted in fatalities, constituted 10. Wes Craven film New Nightmare were filmed a month prior to the Northridge earthquake is part of the. 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