Most notably Charlotte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering Heights, both published in 1847, which also introduced more Gothic themes. William Blake was an English painter and poet who was very influential during the late-eighteenth-century Romantic Age of poetry and the visual arts. The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762, inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott. The author himself confesses (in Camões' preface) that he voluntarily refused to follow the principles of epic poetry enunciated by Aristotle in his Poetics, as he did the same to Horace's Ars Poetica. The Polish self-image as a "Christ among nations" or the martyr of Europe can be traced back to its history of Christendom and suffering under invasions. [55] James Macpherson (1736–96) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation. Painters like Thomas Cole, Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings. They used its forms as a foundation for their work but felt unconstrained by them. Even before 1789, it was believed that the ancien regime seemed ready to collapse. Romantics writers, artists, and composers believed strongly in rational thought. The first two are by European artists and are considered quintessentially romantic. His works best exemplify the Messianic movement in Poland: in two early dramas, Nie-boska komedia (1835; The Undivine Comedy) and Irydion (1836; Iridion), as well as in the later Psalmy przyszłości (1845), he asserted that Poland was the Christ of Europe: specifically chosen by God to carry the world's burdens, to suffer, and eventually be resurrected. Before them may be mentioned the pre-romantics José Cadalso and Manuel José Quintana. [20] This usage derived from the term "Romance languages", which referred to vernacular (or popular) language in contrast to formal Latin. There are scholars who consider Spanish Romanticism to be Proto-Existentialism because it is more anguished than the movement in other European countries. However, aside from painting, Romanticism found most of its success beyond the visual arts. The demonic and anti-rational monsters thrown up by his imagination are only superficially similar to those of the Gothic fantasies of northern Europe, and in many ways he remained wedded to the classicism and realism of his training, as well as looking forward to the Realism of the later 19th century. [107] In Italy, the most important Romantic sculptor was Lorenzo Bartolini. Wordsworth was by 1820 respectable and highly regarded, holding a government sinecure, but wrote relatively little. Girodet's old teacher David was puzzled and disappointed by his pupil's direction, saying: "Either Girodet is mad or I no longer know anything of the art of painting". Stendhal is today probably the most highly regarded French novelist of the period, but he stands in a complex relation with Romanticism, and is notable for his penetrating psychological insight into his characters and his realism, qualities rarely prominent in Romantic fiction. His troops had violently sacked the city but were subsequently stricken in an outbreak of plague. While these two novels were written and published after the Romantic period is said to have ended, their novels were heavily influenced by Romantic literature they'd read as children. J.M.W. Romanticism began in Portugal with the publication of the poem Camões (1825), by Almeida Garrett, who was raised by his uncle D. Alexandre, bishop of Angra, in the precepts of Neoclassicism, which can be observed in his early work. Romantic Era Research Papers inspect the writings of different authors during this period.. German Romanticism - German Romanticism research papers examine the art from late 18th and early 19th centuries that dominated the philosophy of central Europe.. (, Ruthven (2001) p. 40 quote: "Romantic ideology of literary authorship, which conceives of the text as an autonomous object produced by an individual genius. […] a. [74] Other Russian Romantic poets include Mikhail Lermontov (A Hero of Our Time, 1839), Fyodor Tyutchev (Silentium!, 1830), Yevgeny Baratynsky (Eda, 1826), Anton Delvig, and Wilhelm Küchelbecker. Its relationship to the French Revolution, which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period, is clearly important, but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions. 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