This seismic demand then needs to be validated by the seismic capacity of the structures, for which the key lies in the determination of reliable material properties that reflect local materials and workmanship. National Planning Commission (2015). It was already noted in 1977 that “a review of the earthquake codes of various countries shows that much of the information is empirically based and not theoretically derived. Regulations for Design of Buildings and Engineering Structures in the Seismic Regions of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). “Evaluation and strengthening of public buildings after the Kamashi (Uzbekistan) earthquakes in 2000 and 2001,” in Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, (Vancouver, BC: 13 WCEE Secretariat). Sin El Fil: Lebanese Standards Institution. The code included very detailed descriptions for types and dimensions of stones and masonry patterns. The next code SN 8-57 (1958) adds that for buildings in areas with estimated seismicity of 8 and 9 points, it is recommended to use masonry weighing no more than 1,900 kg/m3 (this includes most types of sawn stones); whereas masonry above 1,900 kg/m3 goes down one category (basically all types of rubble stone). Szentendre: Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe. 1983-7-II (1983). Random rubble masonry foundation is ancient stone foundation method where rough, uneven stones are used to make the foundations. The masonry chapter defines that stone masonry units must conform to ASTM C568/C568M (2015) for limestone, ASTM C615/C615M (2018) for granite and ASTM C616/C616M (2015) for sandstone units. GOST 4001-66 (1967). Moscow: State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction. The current state-of-the-art for new rubble stone masonry buildings in seismic areas was reviewed for 57 countries in total, of which 31 in more detail. Currently, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and North Macedonia are still in the process of adopting and implementing the Eurocodes (Athanasopoulou et al., 2019), therefore the 1981 version of the Yugoslavian code (plus revisions) is still valid in these countries. Earthquake Engineering. Tirana: Mihal Duri Printing House. Bishkek: State Agency of Architecture. “Inelastic cyclic response of stone-concrete bearing walls,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Concrete Technology for Developing Countries, (Amman: Musa Resheidat). Prof. S. Imanbekov (Kyrgyzstan), Prof. T. Dadayan and MEng. Moscow: State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction. – No consensus was found on any of the design specifications and main dimensions between these countries and the differences vary greatly, which raises questions about the reliability and value of the knowledge in this field. Rubble stone masonry was explicitly mentioned, as in PSP 101-51 (1951) which ranks the use of “natural stone of irregular shape” in categories 3 and 4, depending on mortar type. It described that buildings with “strong masonry walls” and higher than 3 floors in the most severe zone A (and 4 floors in zone B), must be reinforced with concrete tie-beams, in which case seismic verification is not necessary. SFRY-52/90 (1990). This contrasts with stones that are cut, squared and dimensioned into a regular-sized parallelepiped shape, which is known as “Ashlar” (Figure 1B). All walls thicker than 19 cm must be strengthened with horizontal tie-beams and vertical tie-columns, and floors must be rigid concrete slabs (or of equivalent stiffness). Concrete block masonry. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. TS EN 771-6+A1 (2015). IS:1597(part 2)-1992 (2016). In this code, flat rubble stone houses with wooden roofs are allowed up to one story in zone 7, with a maximum height of 3.6 m from ground level to halfway the gable. The appendix with building classifications defines type 1b as “houses with walls made of earthen bricks or rubble stone, with a light wooden roof,” although no further details or dimensions are given. Schildkamp, M., and Araki, Y. Figure 3. Main mountain ranges of the Caucasus region and the Middle East (original source: Natural Earth raster + vector map). SFRY-31/81 (1981). Flint Rubble Masonry: This type of masonry is generally put to use where flint/cobble is available in … It distinguishes three types of masonry: Ordinary (meaning Unreinforced), Confined and Reinforced. Wooden floors are allowed and the code further describes the inclusion of a continuous reinforced concrete band at floor or roof level, and wire mesh reinforcements in the horizontal joints at certain intervals, whilst vertical reinforcements are recommended and only mandatory in designs with complex plan configurations. PBO-64 (1964). As these standards are exclusively for dimensioned stone, the Afghan code completely rules out the use of rubble stone for building purposes, which does not serve the current (non-engineered) construction needs and practices in the country. Inclusion of vertical reinforcements at critical connections is only required in India and Nepal. In here, rubble stone buildings of 2 stories height are allowed in seismic zone 7 and 8, with a maximum cross-wall spacing of 6 m. (This contradicts a previous table which allows 2 stories in zone 7, and 1 story in zones 8 and 9 as well). In Saudi Arabia stone was used a lot in the past, such as in the southern provinces of Saheer and Al Bahah, but these days it is basically no longer practiced. Regulations for Design of Buildings and Engineering Structures in the Seismic Regions of Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal. May 5, 2017 - Explore CuteMM's board "Rubble masonry", followed by 130 people on Pinterest. The first edition of the modern Iranian seismic code Standard 2800 (1987) made a clear division between engineered buildings (steel, concrete) and introduced a separate chapter for URM. IS:SP7-2016 (2016). For URM unfortunately, no further dimensions nor details are given, in contrast to a separate code that Morocco has published for earthen structures in seismic areas, as “this cultural heritage has great aesthetic quality and remarkable adaptation to climatic conditions” (RPCTerre-2011, 2013). Dhajji Dewari, Affordable Seismically Resistant and Sustainable Housing, Revision C. Dubai: Arup Gulf Ltd. HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012/NA (2012). Therefore, the authors propose a full assessment, validation, optimization and complementation of the existing knowledge, by means of the current state-of-the-art for calculating, testing and modeling. See more ideas about masonry, stone wall, gabion wall. After the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the building code was upgraded with a focus on seismic design of buildings, whilst dividing the whole country into 5 seismic zones (BCP-SP-07, 2007). (i) Uncoursed rubble masonry: This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone masonry. EUR 29601 EN – The Implementation of the Eurocodes in the National Regulatory Framework. DTU Règles-PS-69 (1970). It is further recommended to structure the national codes for non-engineered techniques in such a way, that all the necessary information is compiled in just one document, with step-by-step explanations of the various procedures of design and execution of the technique. Rubble stone masonry was explicitly mentioned, as in PSP 101-51 (1951) which ranks the use of “natural stone of irregular shape” in categories 3 and 4, depending on mortar type. Country Profiles on the Housing Sector, Tajikistan. However, in seismic engineering this terminology is somewhat misleading since not one national code allows “pure” URM, due to bad behavior in past earthquakes; all require “URM with the addition of certain nominal reinforcements” such as continuous horizontal bands, or the inclusion of vertical elements at critical junctions. Roughly half the population lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2020), but no recent data was found on construction practices in those regions. Prof. N. Ahmad and S. Qazi (Pakistan), MEng. Quetta Development Authority Building Rules, 1976. Syrian Arab Code for the Design and Implementation of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Fourth Edition – Annex 2 Earthquake Design of Buildings, Second Edition (in Arabic). Still, in the rural and mountainous regions where rubble stone remains to be the primary construction material, both these scenarios of qualified design and required approval are highly unlikely to occur. Guidelines, 3rd Reprint 2008 incl. Similar to China, schools are not allowed these days due to specific requirements for comfort and daylight, but since these regulations were introduced only recently (SP 52.13330.2016, 2017), the codes in the former Russian states do not refer to such rules yet. AzDTN 2.3-1 (2014). 1 May 2003 Bingol Earthquake Engineering Report. Even better would have been the inclusion of IS.13828 for low-strength masonry, as stone is still widely used in the northern parts of the country, especially in Gilgit-Baltistan province. 6:590520. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.590520. Stone and Reinforced Masonry Structures (in Armenian). Kabul: Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. NBC 203:1994 (2007). Regulation for Structures in Disaster Areas. However, 8 countries need to be excluded from further review for various reasons. Random Rubble Masonry in Cement mortar 1:5 in foundation (1Cu) Generally, to construct a rubble foundation, the materials required are rubble, cement, sand, and water. TJ 11-78 (1979). Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Built Environ. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. GBJ 11-89 (1993). No further dimensions are given in this section, however, if we follow the general masonry chapter this results for zone 8 in a most generous maximum length of 80 m between separate building units. Building Regulations for the Municipalities of the Island of Ischia Damaged by the Earthquake of July 28, 1883 (in Italian). Gazzetta Ufficiale n.120 del 22 Maggio 1935, Rome. Compliance with it does not confer immunity from relevant legal requirements, including bylaws.” This makes them indirectly mandatory, but if and how this is enforced, especially in rural areas, is unclear. TBDY (2018). Currently, the application of nominally reinforced rubble stone masonry (NRM) with cement mortar and wooden diaphragms in seismic areas, is only mentioned in the national codes of 15 countries in the world. Dyn. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization. IS:1905-1987 (2017). State Committee for Construction and Architecture (1957). 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