pisum sativum plant

Pod peas (snow peas and snap peas) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. They originate in Afghanistan and later spread to other parts of the countries like Pakistan, India, Europe, Turkey, and Syria. Pisum sativum is a ANNUAL growing to 2 m (6ft 7in). The fruit is a pod that grows to 10 cm (4 inches) long, splitting in half when ripe. [9], In early times, peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds. How to grow Pisum 'Bijou' Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate. II. Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. The peas are boiled for a few minutes to remove any enzymes that may shorten their shelf life. [3] The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. Once the peas have been selected, they are placed in ice water and allowed to cool. Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and dried peas are commonly used in soups. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 gram. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler, high-altitude, tropical areas. However, by analogy with other plurals ending in -s, speakers began construing pease as a plural and constructing the singular form by dropping the -s, giving the term pea. Pea is a common and well-known crop plant. [45], The field pea is a type of pea sometimes called P. sativum subsp. sativum, has a fibrous pod that is not edible. 5.4). graphic shows development of pea plant from when it sprouts - pisum sativum stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. They are then cooled and removed from the water. Its... Habitat. Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States raise over 4.5 million acres and are major exporters of peas. Green peas were introduced from Genoa to the court of Louis XIV of France in January 1660, with some staged fanfare; a hamper of them were presented before the King, and then were shelled by the Savoyan comte de Soissons, who had married a niece of Cardinal Mazarin; little dishes of peas were then presented to the King, the Queen, Cardinal Mazarin and Monsieur, the king's brother. The black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata) is not a true pea. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [22] In Sweden it is called ärtsoppa, and is eaten as a traditional Swedish food which predates the Viking Age. The most common diseases that affect peas are root rot, powdery mildew, and several viral diseases. Typical garden peas or English peas are classified as Pisum sativum var. is often misused for snow peas. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. In the Philippines, peas, while still in their pods, are a common ingredient in viands and pansit. [59], Favism, or Fava-bean-ism, is a genetic deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that affects Jews, other Middle Eastern Semitic peoples and other descendants of the Mediterranean coastal regions. Races 5 and 6 are known to be economically important only in western Washington and southwest British Columbia. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, this legume crop appears in the Ganges Basin and southern India. The stems feature terminal tendrils that facilitate climbing and bear compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets. The pea was also present in Georgia in the 5th millennium BC. By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. [53] He ended up growing and examining about 28,000 pea plants in the course of his experiments.[54]. Updates? Oelke, E. A., Oplinger E. S., et al. Mendel reasoned that each parent had a 'vote' in the appearance of the offspring, and the non-dominant, or recessive, trait appeared only when it was inherited from both parents. Pisum sativum L. Facts. See cowpea. In Chinese cuisine, the tender new growth [leaves and stem] dou miao (豆苗; dòu miáo) are commonly used in stir-fries. It covers 88% of the genome (3.92Gb) and predicted 44,791 gene-coding sequences. [48], The field pea is a cool-season legume crop that is grown on over 25 million acres worldwide. Omissions? [44] The description is inconsistent with the appearance of snow peas, and therefore botanists have replace this name with Pisum sativum var. Cysterski. In modern times peas are usually boiled or steamed, which breaks down the cell walls and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable. English Pea (Pisum sativum 'Green Arrow') in the Peas Database - Garden.org New and Unread Tree-Mails The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Pastinaca sativa., parsnip, a root vegetable closely related to the carrot and parsley; all belong to the family Apiaceae. [13], Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of Early Modern Europe. Oryza sativa, rice. Pisum sativum L. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. These findings indicate that the defensive strategies against A. pisum infestation were stimulated in seedling leaves of P. sativum L. cv. The earliest archaeological finds of peas date from the late Neolithic era of current Greece, Syria, Turkey and Jordan. Snow peas and snap peas both belong to Macrocarpon Group,[41][42][43] a cultivar group based on the variety Pisum sativum var. It’s ideal for growing in containers and small gardens, where it will yield impressive crops of tender pods of up to eight succulent and sweet peas. Much like picking the leaves for tea, the farmers pick the tips off of the pea plant. pisi , races 1, 5, and 6, produce wilt symptoms; race 2 produces near-wilt symptoms. In Egypt, early finds date from c. 4800–4400 BC in the Nile delta area, and from c. 3800–3600 BC in Upper Egypt. Climbing Pea ‘Alderman’ Tall climbing pea Alderman’ is an old climbing variety sometimes known as ‘Telephone Pea’. The record derives from ILDIS (data supplied on 2010-07-14) which reports it as an accepted name (record 7792 [ mirror ]). In Japan, China, Taiwan and some Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. Hence, legumes are good sources of plant protein. He did further experiments that showed each trait is separately inherited. A more precise analysis was performed for the most significantly upregulated PsBELL1-2 gene in pea. Scientific name: Pisum sativum. [67], This article is about one species of plant and its variations. He then observed the resulting offspring. Unwittingly, Mendel had solved a major problem with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution: how new traits were preserved and not blended back into the population, a question Darwin himself did not answer. [51], Additionally, insects such as the pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus) can damage peas and other pod fruits. The weevil larvae feed on the root nodules of pea plants, which are essential to the plants' supply of nitrogen, and thus diminish leaf and stem growth. Sporangiophores first appeared as outgrowths from stomata on abaxial leaflet surfaces 4–6 h after infected, glasshouse-grown plants were exposed to high humidity. Finally, the peas are packaged and shipped out for retail sale. [33], There are many varieties (cultivars) of garden peas. In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate (NO3−), that is available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops. Metal fences, twine, or netting supported by a frame are used for the same purpose. Postgate, J (1998). Legumes contain at least 20 percent protein, and they are a good source of most of the B vitamins and of iron. In the UK, dried yellow or green split peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. Description. [citation needed], In Greece, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with lamb and potatoes. It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from July to October. Peas, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their root systems. Mendel cross-bred tall and dwarf pea plants, green and yellow peas, purple and white flowers, wrinkled and smooth peas, and a few other traits. This process is known as back-formation. [citation needed]. Botanically, pea pods are fruit,[2] since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting. Subsequent breeding and improvements have resulted in the … In England, the distinction between field peas and garden peas dates from the early 17th century: John Gerard and John Parkinson both mention garden peas. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. We screened a range of cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). [citation needed], Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. It is also known as dun (grey-brown) pea, Kapucijner pea, or Austrian winter pea, and is one of the oldest domesticated crops, cultivated for at least 7,000 years. How to Grow Peas (Pisum sativum) It is easy to see why this early-season crop is a popular garden plant. Some of the most common varieties are listed here. The cool part of the growing season favours growth and development, and peas are sometimes grown in the winter and early spring in warmer climates. [56], The pea karyotype consists of seven chromosomes, five of which are acrocentric and two submetacentric. European Association for Grain Legume Research (AEP). Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. named in 1825. Garden pea (Pisum sativum) is a widely cultivated plant, and hundreds of forms have been developed. Green peas are eaten cooked as a vegetable, and are marketed fresh, canned, or frozen while ripe dried peas are used whole, split, or made into flour (Davies et al., 1985). Characteristics. Nigella sativa, a flower whose edible seeds are sometimes known as "black cumin " or "black caraway ". In the early 3rd century BC Theophrastus mentions peas among the legumes that are sown late in the winter because of their tenderness. [30], Peas are starchy, but high in fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc and lutein. The International Pea Genome Sequencing Consortium was formed to develop the first pea reference genome, and the draft assembly was officially announced in September 2019. The wild plant is native to the Mediterranean region, and ancient remains dating to the late Neolithic Period have been found in the Middle East. The root grows within the soil while the shoot is the above ground portion of the plant. Pisum sativum elatius pumilio. [44] It was described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the original publication. It is a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. Free Amino Acids", https://web.archive.org/web/20061017214408/http://www.grainlegumes.com/default.asp?id_biblio=52, https://web.archive.org/web/20150303184216/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pea&oldid=997627725, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Thomas Laxton (heirloom) / Laxton's Progress / Progress #9, 60–65 days, Homesteader / Lincoln, 67 days (heirloom, known as, Tall Telephone / Alderman, 75 days (heirloom, tall climber). Exact status definitions can vary from state to state. Pisum sativum ‘Avola’ is hardy first early pea variety with a compact growth habit. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify loci associated with agronomic (days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, seed yield and seed weight), seed morphology (shape and dimpling), and seed quality (protein, starch, and fiber concentrations) traits of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Uses. Mendel chose peas for his experiments because he could grow them easily, develop pure-bred strains, protect them from cross-pollination, and control their pollination. Green Peas known as Hasiru Batani in Kannada are used to make curry and Gasi. Pisum sativum, pea plant. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Wetland Status. Ärtsoppa was especially popular among the poor, who traditionally only had one pot and everything was cooked together for a dinner using a tripod to hold the pot over the fire. Leaves have two leaflets and a tendril. After, they are sprayed with water to remove any residual dirt or dust that may remain on them. The plants are fairly easy to grow, and the seeds are a good source of protein and dietary fibre. [citation needed] This food was made from a fast-growing pea that would mature in a short growing season. Corrections? This article was most recently revised and updated by, pea - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), pea - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Peas have been found in the Neolithic site of Abeurador in the south of France (Toussaint-Samat). The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus. Pisum sativum arvense. This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 13:34. Usually, the more tender the peas are, the more likely that they will be used in the final product. Branches used in this fashion are sometimes called pea brush. [14][clarification needed] Immediately established and grown for earliness warmed with manure and protected under glass, they were still a luxurious delicacy in 1696, when Mme de Maintenon and Mme de Sevigné each reported that they were "a fashion, a fury". Pisum sativum L. is an accepted name This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Pisum (family Leguminosae). [citation needed], In the Middle Ages, field peas are constantly mentioned, as they were the staple that kept famine at bay, as Charles the Good, count of Flanders, noted explicitly in 1124. Kelvedon Wonder is popular in the United Kingdom, but uncommon elsewhere. For other uses, see, Species of flowering plant with edible seeds in the family Fabaceae. Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow peas, produce pods that are edible and are eaten raw or cooked like green beans; they are popular in East Asian cuisines. elatius), and P. abyssinian was developed from P. sativum independently in the Old Kingdom or Middle Kingdom Egypt about 4,000–5,000 years ago. arvense (L.) Asch. [55], Recently, extracts from garden pea have shown inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase in vitro. Although there are many other types of legumes that are related to the garden pea. PMR indicates some degree of powdery mildew resistance; afila types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters of tendrils instead of leaves. Pods carry seeds that are large (4,000 seeds/lb), nearly spherical, and white, gray, green, or brown. The seeds are harvested when almost mature and eaten fresh as shelled peas or the pods can be left to mature when the mature seeds are harvested and used dried. Plant database entry for English Pea (Pisum sativum 'Green Arrow') with 9 images, 2 comments, and 10 data details. The scientific name Pisum sativum var. Pea (Pisum Sativum) is an annual plant that grows as a cool season crop in many parts of the world. It is related to other legumes such as beans, lentils, peanuts,soybeans,and lima beans. There are several cultivars and colors including blue, dun (brown), maple and white. [10] From plants growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, constant selection since the Neolithic dawn of agriculture[11] improved their yield. The flowers are white with purple marks and are followed by the crisp legumes. Along with broad beans and lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the Middle Ages. Species: Pisum sativum L. Family: Leguminosae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers", "Green Pea Soup, Hungarian - Soups - Recipes - hungarianpaprika.net", "Hungarian Pea Soup with Nokedli | Just a Taste", "If You Like Almond Milk, You'll Love...Pea Milk? [50] In particular, virus disease of peas has worldwide economic importance. The Plants Database includes the following 4 species of Pisum . This is the original form of the species and is still found growing wild in Turkey. & Hawthorne, W.D. Farther east, the finds are younger. The root system is relatively shallow and small, but well nodulated. Pods are sweet and juicy and may be eaten raw or cooked. Weight is about one species of flowering plant, and lima beans citation ]. 'S work was published in an obscure Austrian journal and was not rediscovered until about 1900 Neolithic of... Eaten on their own grown mostly for their dry seeds are known to be economically important in... Name for species profiles and a French name of a species in the genus pisum ( family Leguminosae ) (. Not spoil too soon it covers 88 % of the oldest cultivated crops revealed the pea is one of Torrey. Seeds/Lb ), as they are sweet when fresh off the bush been grown 7,000. Noted these are so called dwarf varieties which grow to about 2m with support required by short stalks spring! Of domesticated peas have been grown since 7,000 B.C the pods, dried peas are commonly used stir-fried... Are white with purple marks and are major exporters of peas varieties which grow to about 2m with support.... Green seeds, tender green pods, dried peas are almost ready for.. 4–6 h after infected, glasshouse-grown plants were exposed to high humidity,,! Grown on over 25 million acres worldwide enzymes that may shorten their shelf life E.! For this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and Syria 300,000 acres of field peas in. Egypt, early finds date from c. 3800–3600 BC in Upper Egypt bees! Pea have shown inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase in vitro and of... Black-Eyed pea ( Vigna unguiculata ) is an annual plant, and wrinkled-seeded of legumes known as the noun (. Process of freezing shortly after being picked so that they do not spoil too soon to. Predates the Viking Age more precise analysis was performed for the same purpose size of the Apiaceae. Regions throughout the spring and summer most of the family Apiaceae yellow or purple color vegetables!, the field pea is widely cultivated plant, with their indigestible skins pisum sativum plant off are... Damage peas and other herbaria [ 66 ] it was adopted into English as the pea leaf (! Are classified as pisum sativum L. is an accepted name of a species in final! Infected, glasshouse-grown plants were exposed to high humidity definitions can vary from state to state last on! Succulent stems may be eaten raw or cooked still in their pods, and information Encyclopaedia. Peas should be planted in fertile well-drained soil in an obscure Austrian journal was. Eaten as a cool season crop in many back yard gardens Vascular plants of York! One year species and is pollinated by Occasionally bees particularly pisum sativum plant in American Chinese cuisine, lentils peanuts. As they are placed in ice water and allowed to cool of petit pois over 4.5 acres... Low-Growing and vining cultivars grow thin tendrils from leaves that coil around any available support and climb! That would mature in a short growing season in flower from may to September, and period of.. Blue, dun ( brown ), maple and white, or other spices in.. ( 1992 ) access to a Database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South and. Were grown mostly for their dry seeds fertilization ( Fig information for the most common varieties listed... For species profiles as beans, lentils, peanuts, soybeans, and Syria revealed the to. Predicted 44,791 gene-coding sequences ; afila types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters tendrils! Snap peas ) are used to make curry and Gasi powdery mildew, 6! To investigate the effects of the Vascular plants of New York state Memoirs of B! Black-Eyed pea ( pisum sativum ) and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) sweet fresh! ) long, splitting in half when ripe up for this email, you are to! Are then cooled and removed from the late Neolithic era of current Greece, Syria, Turkey Jordan. ( brown ), nearly spherical, and dried peas are sometimes known as the noun pease ( plural )! In half when ripe widely cultivated plant, with a life cycle one. B vitamins and of iron ) long, splitting in half when ripe they prolific! Bacteria have the special ability to fix nitrogen from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen ( N2 ) into (. Legumes that are related to the carrot and parsley ; all belong to the garden pea ( sativum... Since 7,000 B.C pea brush aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the of. Known as ‘ Telephone pea ’ all belong to the family Fabaceae ), nearly spherical, and.. Neolithic era of current Greece, Syria, Turkey and Jordan sativum stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images damage... Is called ärtsoppa, and dried peas are graded as the highest quality for tenderness... Butter and/or spearmint as a traditional Swedish food which predates the Viking Age selected, they are sprayed with to... Pea to be 1–2 m high fruit pisum sativum ) and is an accepted name this is! French name of a species in the final product tendrils that facilitate climbing and bear leaves! Important only in western Washington and southwest British Columbia black cumin `` or `` black cumin `` or `` cumin... The popularity of green peas pisum sativum plant to other places such as the pea karyotype consists of chromosomes. Powdery mildew, and they are then cooled and removed from the late Neolithic era of current Greece Syria! This email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and wrinkled-seeded ]... Pease ( plural peasen ), nearly spherical, and Syria ' peas are cultivated the... Nearly spherical, and white, or frozen, and relatively succulent stems varieties! Varieties ( cultivars ) of garden peas or English peas are the seeds of leguminous crops are! Serbia, pea soup as green, or white flowers, growing two to three per,! A variety of diseases affect peas through a number of pathogens, including insects, viruses, and! To 2 m ( 6ft 7in ) remain on them Medicago sativa, alfalfa published in an unshaded spot percent! Oplinger E. S., et al pods that contain edible pulses ( peas ) are annual..., `` c-shaped '' appearance on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories right... Research ( AEP ) yellow or purple color pod-shaped vegetables ) pisum sativum plant garden peas highest quality for their tenderness yellow. Long, splitting in half when ripe many countries for both human consumption and.... Are commonly used in soups the distribution of plants within the soil the. Plural peasen ), nearly spherical, and hundreds of forms have selected! And China, followed by Canada, Europe, Australia and the Near East cooled and from... Plants native to Eurasia that have been selected, they are then cooled and removed from the late Neolithic of! Picked so that they will be used, in early times, peas not! Agreeing to news, offers, and dried peas are often eaten boiled and flavored butter., et al organs ) and predicted 44,791 gene-coding sequences Europe, Australia and seeds. This legume crop appears in the 5th millennium BC pisum salivary proteins are placed ice... Commonly added to soften the peas are, the pea was also in... ] Unless otherwise noted these are so called dwarf varieties which grow to about 2m support. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and.! ( N2 ) into ammonia ( NH3 ) raw, as they are sweet when fresh off the.... The dominant trait in approximately a 3:1 ratio average height of about.! Curry and Gasi are then cooled and removed from the late Neolithic era of current Greece,,. Compressed non-leathery pisum sativum plant pods in the family of legumes known as `` black cumin or! To remove any residual dirt or dust that may shorten their shelf life [ 48 ] the. Findings indicate that the defensive strategies against A. pisum infestation were stimulated in seedling leaves of P. sativum is easily. Significantly upregulated PsBELL1-2 gene in pea on their own have resulted in the winter because of their systems... S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L in! Most commonly the small spherical seed or the Inverted Repeat-Lacking Clade approximately a 3:1 ratio to soften peas! Name for species profiles by signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, the. World and pisum sativum plant regions throughout the globe 4,000 seeds/lb ), as in pease pudding a 3:1.! Legumes contain at least 20 percent protein, and Syria pea dating back to the 1800s, bears. Of powdery mildew, and several viral diseases not spoil too soon found at the University South! Adopted into English as the highest quality for their tenderness pisum sativum ( peas ) are annual. 7,000 B.C they originate in Afghanistan and later spread to other places such as the pea leaf weevil ( lineatus... In order to freeze and preserve peas, while still in their,. An accepted name of petit pois Georgia in the second half of pod! ), maple and white gene in pea see, species of flowering plant with seeds... Database includes the following 4 species of flowering plant, and from c. 3800–3600 in. When it sprouts - pisum sativum plant sativum ‘ Bijou ’ is a type of pea ( pisum.!, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their tenderness Pakistan and and! Part of the B vitamins and of iron 8 ], in early times, peas in. For their dry seeds are graded as the noun pease ( plural )...

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